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The hills outside Florence offer medieval and Medici era palazzi, cozy B&Bs and stunning vistas.

FIRENZE: VALLEY OF GENIUS & REBIRTH
HOME TO THE WORKS OF THE GREAT MASTERS MICHELANGELO, DA VINCI, GIOTTO, BRUNELLESCHI, BOTTICELLI & MORE
Updated 10 April 2006

Florence (Firenze in Italian) is a city like no other: a small provincial capital with the attractions and amenities of a major metropolis, but laced with the most stunning array of artistic creations available anywhere. It is a bustling cultural and tourism center, feeding the appetite of a region for a constant inflow of new visitors and for the preservation of its golden age.

The city dates back beyond the medieval period to Roman and Etruscan times, but has lost much of that history in its evolution into one of the first great modern capitals of trade and finance. Its cultural development is famously steeped in the spirit of the Renaissance, and so it is rare to find unaltered medieval or ancient structures.

If you're traveling in Italy and interested in seeing one of the world's premier concentrations of culture —the city's center is a UNESCO World Heritage Site—, the train system is efficient and inexpensive and you can reach Florence in a couple of hours from most cities north of Rome.

The city is also a great place to embark on trips throughout the storied region of Tuscany, to sample its wines or its landscapes, to explore its old palaces and medieval cities. An increasingly viable option is to forego the city center and take root temporarily in one of the towns nearby, in a bed and breakfast (sometimes caffeletto) and see the country as you make your way into town each day.

The city's history is varied, complex and turbulent. It spans periods of great openness and illumination and also brutal repression and upheaval. There is the high Renaissance, with its artistic and scientific explorations, but there was also the period of Savonarola, the zealot cleric who as Inquisitor tortured and killed Florentines not sufficiently counter-reformation for his tastes.

One of the city's honored residents, Galileo Galilei, was only "pardoned" in the last 10 years for the "heresy" of his science, but Savonarola and two of his henchmen were burned in the town square after finally pushing the forward-thinking city too far.

But one of Florence's less well-known but clearly fundamental innovations was in banking. It was in the 12th and 13th centuries that the city developed a strong society of merchants, craft and trade guilds, and lending and banking practices which would catapult it to prominence in coming centuries.

By the mid-13th century, Florence had minted its first fiorino, the gold coin also known in English as the florin, and which would become a standard currency for trade across the European continent. [Full Profile]